Citation Guide
History Department
Norfolk Academy

Introduction

In writing, as in life, it is important to give credit where credit is due.  Also, by explaining to the reader where the author got his or her information, the reader is better able to evaluate the reliability of that information.  Thus, when writing history, it is essential to “cite your sources.” 

In order to simplify this process and avoid the potential confusion of students having to learn and re-learn multiple citation formats, the History Department has decided to standardize the citation style that will be used in all history classes, grades seven through twelve.  It is hoped that by doing this, students and teachers can spend less time worrying about “where to put the commas” and more time discussing what is most important -- the fundamental principles of when and why sources should be cited.  Once these principles are mastered, adapting to any other citation format should be simple. 

The citation style we have chosen is the standard that has long been in use by the historical profession in the United States: that prescribed by The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993).  In this handout, all information on how to cite sources is derived from the 14th edition of the Chicago Manual, except for information on citing electronic sources, which is derived from the 15th edition (published in 2003).   In cases where the Chicago Manual has left a matter up to the discretion of the author, in most cases we have already made the judgment call for the students as to what is the simplest and clearest choice. 

Principles

“WHEN SHOULD I CITE THINGS?” 

The information provided in this handout applies to most written assignments completed at home for a history course at Norfolk Academy.  These could be anything from minor “book reports” all the way up to major “research papers.”  Assignments completed in class, such as essay tests, generally do not require citations or bibliographies.  Whether or not citations and/or bibliographies should be provided for assignments such as “take-home tests” will vary from assignment to assignment and instructor to instructor.  When in doubt, ask your teacher whether you should provide citations and/or a bibliography.  Also, any instructions you receive from your specific teacher in any of these matters takes precedence over anything in this handout. 

In general, you must provide a citation for any fact you use in a written paper unless that fact is common knowledge.  For example, noting that “Bill Clinton is a former president of the United States” would not require a citation.  On the other hand, stating that “Bill Clinton was born on August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas” would require a citation.  The key question here is, of course, what does and does not constitute “common knowledge.”  For example, is it common knowledge that “Bill Clinton was president from 1993 to 2001”?  The answer: when in doubt, provide a citation. 

Similarly, you must provide a citation for any analysis or conclusions you use in a written paper unless they are a) common or obvious, or b) entirely your own.  These exceptions occur most frequently when students are expressing their own opinions on a subject, especially in their introductions and conclusions.  For example, if a student writes in a paper that “Adolf Hitler was a bad, bad man,” that idea is both obvious and common enough as to not require a citation.  If, however, a student wrote that “Adolf Hitler was a bad, bad man because he carried the ‘logic’ of eugenics and Social Darwinism to their most disgusting extremes,” you would have to provide a citation for that idea unless it had been entirely your own. 

Finally, you must provide a citation for any direct quotation you use from a source, as is explained in the section below.   

“WHEN SHOULD I USE QUOTATION MARKS?” 

This is the question that usually causes the most anxiety for students.  The answer is simple: whenever the words you are using are not your own.  Thus, if you are using in your paper a sentence, or even just a phrase, from a source, you must both cite the source (by providing an endnote) AND put the sentence or phrase in quotation marks.  In other words, even if you provide an endnote, it is still plagiarism to use a phrase or sentence from another source unless you put quotation marks around it as well. 

Be very careful here -- failing to use quotation marks when appropriate is the most common student mistake that leads to charges of plagiarism.  Even if you made an honest mistake and unintentionally used another person’s words without putting quotation marks around them, it is still plagiarism.  An analogy: if you forget to pay for something and walk out of a store with it, you are still guilty of shoplifting whether you intended to steal the item or not.  “I forgot to put quotation marks around it when I wrote it on my note card, and then I forgot that they weren’t my own words when I was writing the paper” is not a valid excuse. 

Instead of quoting from a source, it is also permissible to paraphrase from it.  To “paraphrase” means to completely re-state something using your own words; merely rearranging the order of a few words or phrases is not sufficient.  The most common exception to this is when you use a general, common, or short phrase.  For example, “the war was bad,” “in other words,” and “in northern Europe” are all short enough and common enough phrases as to not generally require quotation marks.  If, however, you used the entire sentence “In other words, in northern Europe the war was bad,” that would require quotation marks.  Further, merely rearranging the order of those phrases would not be enough.  For example, “War was, in other words, bad in northern Europe” would still be considered plagiarism.  A true paraphrasing of that sentence might instead be something like “The conflict was especially destructive in northern Europe.” 

Also, one should not paraphrase sentence after sentence from the same source.  Thus, if you used an entire paragraph from another source, simply “copy-changing” the paragraph by paraphrasing it sentence by sentence would still be considered plagiarism.  The line between legitimate paraphrasing and plagiarism can ultimately become a fuzzy one, so as with all things, when in doubt, ask your teacher about it ahead of time. 

One final note that should be already be obvious: it is still plagiarism to steal someone else’s words even if those words were published on the internet or an electronic database.  Norfolk Academy historians have had their words published electronically as well as in print, and trust us – we would feel violated if you stole our words no matter what medium we used to disseminate them.  Plagiarizing from the internet is still plagiarizing. 

“WHAT KINDS OF INFORMATION SHOULD I PROVIDE IN A CITATION?” 

In the case of books, generally all information provided on the title page should be given somewhere in its citation.  More specifically, regardless of the type of source being cited, all citations should include, when possible, the following information (usually in this order):

The exact format for this information will vary depending on whether you are citing a book, a journal article, a web site, or some other kind of source.  For example, when citing books it is only necessary to provide the year of publication, but when citing journals it is necessary to cite also the month or season of the particular issue as well.  Similarly, the “place of publication” for a printed source is usually a city, but for an internet source a url (such as “http://www.norfolkacademy.org/about/history.html”) is provided instead of a geographic location.  Detailed examples as the exact format of specific kinds of sources are included at the end of this handout. 

“WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN ENDNOTE AND A BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRY?” 

There are two basic formats for a citation: an endnote and an entry in a bibliography.  Endnotes are the primary means by which the author indicates where a particular fact or idea came from.  They are numbered chronologically and appear at the end of the paper (but before the bibliography).  They should begin on a separate page which has centered at its top in all capital letters the word “NOTES.”  (Footnotes are similar in every respect to endnotes except they are located at the bottom of each page, not all together at the end of the paper.  Unless you are instructed otherwise, use endnotes.) 

A bibliography, on the other hand, is a master list of all sources used in the preparation of an assignment.  Thus, while a particular source might well be cited in numerous endnotes, it will only appear once in a bibliography.  The bibliography should begin on a separate page at the end of the paper, with the word “BIBLIOGRAPHY” in all capital letters centered at the top of the page. 

Most examples of citations in this handout are provided in both endnote and bibliographic format.  The two are very similar, the main difference being that in bibliographic entries the author’s last name is given first and each portion of the citation is usually set off from the rest by a period.  For example, the citation below is provided first in endnote form and then in bibliographic form:

7 John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 42. 

Gaddis, John Lewis.  Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal
  of Postwar American National Security Policy.  Oxford: Oxford
  University Press, 1982. 

(I chose the endnote number “7” and the page number “42” for the endnote at random.)  Generally, you need only provide a full citation for a source the first time it is cited.  From then on, a shortened version of the citation will suffice.  For example, after it had already been cited fully in one endnote, the above book might from then on simply be cited as: Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 42.  Shortened citations, plus the use of the dreaded “ibid.,” will be explained in more detail later in this handout. 

Details

Below you will find more detailed instructions on the manner in which specific citation information should be indicated.  For now do not worry about exactly how everything should be abbreviated or in what order it should appear -- just concentrate on the general principles.  The exact format will be evident in the “Examples” section at the end of this handout. 

AUTHOR OR EDITOR

The full name of each author and/or editor of a work should appear in a full citation.  The names should appear as they are given on the title page.  If there are two or three authors or editors, they should be listed in the citation in the same order they are listed in the source.  If there are four or more authors or editors, you only have to give the name of the first author, followed by the phrase “et al.” to indicate the existence of the rest.  (Please note that there is no period after the “et” in “et al.”)  If no specific person is credited with authorship, the institution responsible for creation of the source should be substituted.  (For examples of exactly how to apply these rules, see the “Examples” listed at the end of this handout.) 

TITLE

Both the complete title and sub-title of the source should be given in its full citation.  The title and any sub-titles should be italicized.  (Underlining is acceptable as a substitute only if you are using a typewriter and not a computer.)  The first letter of each word in the title should be capitalized except for prepositions (e.g. on, under), articles (a, an, the) and coordinating conjunctions (and, for, nor, or).  The first word of a title or sub-title should be capitalized even if it is a preposition, article, or coordination conjunction.  The sub-title of a source is set off from the title by a colon and one space, and it is similarly capitalized. 

SPECIFIC VOLUME OR EDITION

If a source has multiple volumes, is not a first edition, or is a reprinting (such as a paperback edition), that should be noted.  Examples are given at the end of this handout. 

PLACE OF PUBLICATION AND PUBLISHER

For print sources, it is only necessary to list the first or “main” city of publication even if numerous cities are listed on the title page or elsewhere.  Listing the city by itself is sufficient unless the location of the city is not common knowledge or there is more than one major city by that name.  Thus, “Melbourne” could be listed by itself if the location is the well-known Melbourne, Australia; if the location of publication was Melbourne, Florida, however, the state of publication would be noted.  For example, “Melbourne: Some Australian Publisher, 2004”; or “Melbourne, FL: Florida Institute of Technology Press, 2004.” 

If the source is an electronic source, the “electronic location” of the source should be given.  Examples of typical citations of electronic sources are provided in the “Examples” section at the end of this handout. 

DATE OF PUBLICATION

For books, only the year of publication need be provided.  When citing journal articles, the specific month or season of publication should be included as well (e.g. “September 2004” or “Autumn 2004”).  If no date is provided, indicate this with the abbreviation “n.d.”  For a web site, the date it was most recently viewed should be given.  See “Examples” below for more information. 

SPECIFIC PAGE NUMBERS

If an entire book is being cited, providing specific page numbers is not necessary.  This is usually the case in bibliographic entries.  In endnotes, it is usually necessary to cite the specific page or pages the information or idea or quotation came from.  Be as specific as possible; if you are citing an exact fact, citing an entire book or chapter is not sufficient -- you must give the exact page or pages on which the fact appeared.  Providing specific page or other locating information is desirable when it comes to electronic resources as well, but it is often not possible.  If you are citing a page from the front of the book that is given as a Roman numeral, cite it that way.  For example, Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, xvii. 

Other Notes

SHORTENED CITATIONS

As was noted earlier, it is only necessary to give full citation information for a source in an endnote once.  (Full information must be given again in the bibliography, however.)  For example, say you were citing the Gaddis book above in an endnote for the first time, and say this particular time you happened to be citing something on page 42.  The endnote would look like this:

17 John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 42. 

(Notice that you do not put “page” or “p.” in front of the number 42.)  If later in the paper you wanted to cite the book again, this time citing specifically pages 13 through 16 and page 22, you would shorten the citation to simply

26 Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 13-16, 22. 

GROUPING ENDNOTES

A word on grouping endnotes is in order.  If a single sentence or paragraph contained several different facts and/or ideas that you want to cite, you do not have to create a separate endnote for each fact or idea.  If they all came from the same source, you could just put one endnote at the end of the entire sentence or paragraph and reference multiple page numbers in your citation.  (For example, Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 13, 42-47, 112.)  Even if your facts and/or ideas came from different sources, you could still combine them into one endnote provided that you made it clear clear which facts and/or ideas came from which source.   It is permissible to put explanatory notes in your endnotes.  Thus, the following would be an acceptable endnote for an entire paragraph:

48 All information in this paragraph is from Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 13, 42-47, 112; except for the date of Churchill’s speech, which is from Stephen E. Ambrose, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938, 4th rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 1985), 74; and Truman’s hat size, which is mentioned in Hogan, Marshall Plan, 224.

Notice that in this example, Strategies of Containment and Marshall Plan have apparently already been cited once in the paper, since their short-forms are used, but this is apparently the first time that Ambrose’s Rise to Globalism has been cited, because its full citation information is given. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

All written papers should include a bibliography unless you are instructed otherwise. The bibliography should begin on a separate page at the end of the paper.  The word “BIBLIOGRAPHY” should appear centered and in all capital letters at the top of the first page. 

In the bibliography should be listed all sources that were consulted during the creation of a written work.  If a source was consulted generally but never specifically cited in your paper, ask your instructor whether he or she would like the source to be listed in the bibliography or not. 

Individual items in a bibliography should be listed alphabetically by author.  (If no author is provided, the source should be listed alphabetically by its title.)  The second and all subsequent lines of a bibliographic entry should be indented two spaces.  If more than one work by the same author appear in a bibliography, each instance of his or her name after the first should be replaced with eight dashes.  Books by the same author should be sub-grouped alphabetically by title, and books edited by the same author should be listed separately and subsequently from books authored by him or her.  For example, the following is a portion of a hypothetical bibliography for a paper on the Cold War:

Ambrose, Stephen E.  Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy
  Since 1938.  4th rev. ed.  New York: Penguin Books, 1985. 

Gaddis, John Lewis.  Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal
  of Postwar American National Security Policy.  Oxford: Oxford
  University Press, 1982. 

--------.  We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History.  Oxford: A
  Council on Foreign Relations Book, Oxford University Press, 1997. 

Hogan, Michael J.  The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the
  Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952.  Cambridge:
  Cambridge University Press, 1987. 

--------, ed.  The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications. 
  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 

LaFeber, Walter.  America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1992. 
  7th ed.  New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993. 

Lebow, Richard Ned, and Janice Gross Stein.  We All Lost the Cold
  War.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. 

“IBID.’S”

One item that often causes confusion is the dreaded “Ibid.”  Its usage is simple: if, and only if, you are citing the exact same source in two or more consecutive endnotes, you replace the second and subsequent citations with “Ibid.”  If the page number has not changed, just the word by itself is all you need.  If you are citing the same exact source, except you are citing different pages (say 44-47), you would put “Ibid., 44-47.”  These are the only two cases in which you may use “ibid.,” and you should use it in these two cases. 

There are several special issues that often arise with the use of “Ibid.”  First, you should be careful when adding an endnote during subsequent editing that you remove any ibid.’s that are no longer appropriate.  For example, if you had cited a book twice in a row, its second citation would be an ibid.  If, however, you later went back and added a citation to a different source in between those two previous endnotes, you would have to make sure to change the “ibid.” to a standard short-form citation. 

Second, if you notice that your endnotes contain strings of three, four, or even five or more ibid.’s in a row, that’s almost certainly a bad sign.  It probably means that you are not grouping your endnotes sufficiently (see “Grouping Endnotes” above), or you are relying on one particular source far too much in your paper, or both. 

An example (endnotes 22, 23, 25, and 29 refer to the Gaddis book; endnotes 24, 26, 27, and 28 refer to the Lebow and Stein book; and endnote #27 refers to page 14, just as endnote #26 does):

22 Gaddis, John Lewis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 47. 

23 Ibid., 112-114. 

24 Lebow, Richard Ned, and Janice Gross Stein, We All Lost the Cold War (Princeton University Press, 1994), 232. 

25 Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 173. 

26 Lebow and Stein, We All Lost, 14. 

27 Ibid. 

28 Ibid., 220-223. 

29 Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 89. 

Examples

Below are examples of the most common forms of citations.  In each case, example citations are given for the same source, with the bibliographic format appearing first, the full-citation format endnote appearing second, and a sample short-form endnote appearing third. 

If you do not see an example of exactly the kind of citation you wish to produce, the simplest solution would be to ask your teacher.  In many cases it should be relatively straightforward to figure out the format.  For example, there are no specific instructions given below for what to do in the case of a journal article written by two authors.  You can probably figure it out, however, by comparing the format used for a book with two authors with the format used for a journal article with one author. 

BOOKS

One Author

Gaddis, John Lewis.  Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal
  of Postwar American National Security Policy.  Oxford: Oxford
  University Press, 1982. 

23 Gaddis, John Lewis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 47. 

29 Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 173. 

Two Authors

Lebow, Richard Ned, and Janice Gross Stein.  We All Lost the Cold
  War.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. 

23 Lebow, Richard Ned, and Janice Gross Stein, We All Lost the Cold War (Princeton University Press, 1994), 47. 

29 Lebow and Stein, We All Lost, 173. 

Three Authors

Murphy, David E., Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey. 
  Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War.  New Haven:
  Yale University Press, 1997. 

23 David E. Murphy, Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey, Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 47. 

29 Murphy, Kondrashev, and Bailey, Battleground Berlin, 173. 

More Than Three Authors

Noble, Thomas F. X., et al.  Western Civilization: The Continuing
  Experiment.  Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994. 

23 Thomas F. X. Noble, et al., Western Civilization: The Continuing Experiment (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994), 47. 

29 Noble, et al., Western Civilization, 173. 

Edited Books

Hogan, Michael J., ed.  The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and
  Implications.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 

23 Michael J. Hogan, ed., The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 47. 

29 Hogan, ed., End of the Cold War, 173. 

Chapter of Edited Book

Wells, Samuel F., Jr.  “Nuclear Weapons and European Security
  during the Cold War.”  In The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and
  Implications, edited by Michael J. Hogan.  Cambridge: Cambridge
  University Press, 1992), 63-75. 

23 Samuel F. Wells, Jr., “Nuclear Weapons and European Security during the Cold War,” in The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications, ed. Michael J. Hogan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 63-75. 

29 Wells, “Nuclear Weapons and European Security,” 63-75. 

One Editor (of One Author’s Works)

Eisenhower, Dwight David.  The Eisenhower Diaries.  Edited by
  Robert H. Ferrell.  New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1981. 

23 Eisenhower, Dwight David, The Eisenhower Diaries, edited by Robert H. Ferrell (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1981), 47. 

29 Eisenhower, Eisenhower Diaries, 173. 

Translator

Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel.  Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error.  
  Translated by Barbara Bray.  New York: Vintage Books, a Division of
  Random House, 1978. 

23 Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error, trans. Barbara Bray (New York: Vintage Books, a Division of Random House, 1978), 47. 

29 Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou, 173. 

Organization as Author (Because No Author Listed)

National Security Agency (NSA).  Dedication and Sacrifice: National
  Aerial Reconnaissance in the Cold War.  Fort George G. Meade, MD:
  Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, n.d. 

23 National Security Agency (NSA), Dedication and Sacrifice: National Aerial Reconnaissance in the Cold War (Fort George G. Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, n.d.), 3. 

29 NSA, Dedication and Sacrifice, 4. 

Paperback Edition

Weinberg, Gerhard L.  A World at Arms: A Global History of World
  War II.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994; paperback
  reprint, 1995). 

23 Gerhard L. Weinberg.  A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994; paperback reprint, 1995), 47. 

29 Weinberg, World at Arms, 173. 

Later Edition

LaFeber, Walter.  America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1992. 
  7th ed.  New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993. 

23 Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1992, 7th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993), 47. 

29 LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 173. 

Multi-Volume Work

Marcus, Robert D., David Burner, and Anthony Marcus, eds.  America
  Firsthand.  6th ed.  2 vols.  Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. 

23 Robert D. Marcus, David Burner, and Anthony Marcus, eds., America Firsthand, 6th ed., 2 vols. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004), 1:47. 

29 Marcus, Burner, and Marcus, eds., America Firsthand, 2:173. 

ARTICLES FROM ENCYCLOPEDIAS, JOURNALS, AND NEWSPAPERS

Encyclopedia Article

King, Curtis S.  “Cold Harbor, Battle of.”  Encyclopedia of American
  Military History.  Edited by Spencer C. Tucker, et al.  3 vols.  New
  York: Facts on File, Inc., 2003, 1:212-213. 

23 Curtis S. King, “Cold Harbor, Battle of,” Encyclopedia of American Military History, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, et al., 3 vols. (New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2003), 1:212-213. 

29 King, “Cold Harbor,” 1:212-213. 

Journal or Magazine Article

Glantz, Mary E.  “The Origins and Development of Soviet and
  Russian Military Doctrine.”  The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
  7:3 (September 1994), 443-480. 

23 Mary E. Glantz, “The Origins and Development of Soviet and Russian Military Doctrine,” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 7:3 (September 1994), 443-480. 

29 Glantz, “Russian Military Doctrine,” 472. 

Newspaper Article

Gruss, Mike.  “Homework, History, Hand-Washing: Cleanliness
  Becomes Part of the Core Curricula at Region’s Schools.”  The
  Virginian-Pilot (September 20, 2004), A1, A11. 

23 Mike Gruss, “Homework, History, Hand-Washing: Cleanliness Becomes Part of the Core Curricula at Region’s Schools,” The Virginian-Pilot (September 20, 2004), A1, A11. 

29 Gruss, “Homework, History, Hand-Washing,” A1, A11. 

ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Article from Online Reference Database

Steinberg, Alfred.  “Truman, Harry S.”  Encyclopedia Britannica
  Online.  http://school.eb.com/eb/article?tocId=9073545 (accessed
  October 4, 2004). 

23 Alfred Steinberg, “Truman, Harry S.,” Encyclopedia Britannica Online, http://school.eb.com/eb/article?tocId=9073545 (accessed October 4, 2004). 

29 Steinberg, “Truman.” 

Article from Print Source Reproduced in an Electronic Database

Eisenberg, Carolyn Woods.  “Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-1949).” 
  The Oxford Companion to United States History.  Edited by Paul
  Boyer.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.  Oxford Reference
  Online, Oxford University Press
  (http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t119.e0162). 

23 Carolyn Woods Eisenberg, “Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-1949),” The Oxford Companion to United States History, Paul Boyer, ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), Oxford Reference Online (Oxford University Press), http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t119.e0162. 

29 Eisenberg, “Berlin Blockade.” 

Miscellaneous Web Site

Norfolk Academy.  “Academy History.” 
  http://www.norfolkacademy.org/about/history.html
  (accessed October 4, 2004). 

23 Norfolk Academy, “Academy History,” http://www.norfolkacademy.org/about/history.html (accessed October 4, 2004). 

29 Norfolk Academy, “Academy History.” 

INTERVIEWS

Famous, Somebody.  Interview by author.  Norfolk, Virginia,
  19 September 2004. 

23 Somebody Famous, interview by author, Norfolk, VA., 19 September 2004.