OUTLINES  (Fall 2008)

1.     The Second World War, 1933-45
2.     1945-49  (46, 47, 48, 49)
3.     1950-54  (51, 52, 53, 54)
4.     1955-59  (56, 57, 58, 59)
5.     1960-64  (61, 62, 63, 64)
6.     1965-69  (66, 67, 68, 69)
7.     1970-74  (71, 72, 73, 74)
8.     1975-79  (76, 77, 78, 79)
9.     1980-84  (81, 82, 83, 84)
10.     1985-90  (86, 87, 88, 89, 90)
11.     1990-present

[Syllabus]

I. The Second World War, 1933-45

1. The German War

   1. "Greater Germany," 1937-1939

   2. vengeance (France), 1939-1940

   3. lebensraum (Russia), 1941-1945

   4. world conquest (the USA), 1941-1945

2. The Japanese War

   1. China

   2. European colonial possessions

   3. the United States

3. New Technologies

   1. weapons of mass destruction

      1. chemical, biological, and nuclear

   2. delivery vehicles

      1. strategic bombardment, jet engines, cruise missiles,
         ballistic missiles, and precision-guided munitions

   3. information technology

      1. ULTRA, Magic, and ENIAC

4. The War: Regional Points-of-View

   1. East Asia

      1. Japan, China, and Korea

         1. (USA and USSR, too!) 

   2. the Pacific

      1. colonial island possessions, Australia

   3. Southeast Asia

      1. the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), British Malaya (Malaysia), French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos), Thailand, and Burma

   4. South Asia

      1. British India (India and Pakistan)

   5. Central Asia

      1. Russia

   6. Europe

      1. Finland, the Baltic Republics, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, France, Britain, the Low Countries, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

   7. the Middle East

      1. Turkey, Iran, French possessions (Syria, Algeria), British possessions (Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Egypt), and Italian possessions (Libya)

   8. sub-Saharan Africa

      1. French West Africa, British Africa (Nigeria, South Africa), Portuguese Angola, Belgian Congo (Zaire/DRC), and French Madagascar

   9. Latin America

      1. Cuba, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina

   10. the United States

II. 1945-49

1. 1945

   1. Indonesia  (Ariel)

      1. declaration of independence

   2. Vietnam  (Irene)

      1. declaration of independence

      2. Japanese occupation ends and French occupation renewed

   3. August 1945

      1. Hiroshima and Nagasaki

      2. Soviet entry into the war

   4. new Western leadership

      1. Harry S. Truman

      2. Clement Attlee

   5. atomic angst

   6. victors' justice (revenge?)

      1. war crimes trials (Nuremberg and Tokyo)

      2. the fate of the collaborationists

      3. "ethnic cleansing": rolling back German and Japanese "lebensraum"

   7. the origins of the "Third World War"? 

      1. the Red Army and the fate of Central (soon "Eastern") Europe

      2. China, Vietnam, and Korea

         1. "KIA #1": John Birch

   8. Wilson --> Atlantic Charter --> Bretton Woods --> San Francisco

      1. the Bretton Woods system

         1. conference (July 1944)

         2. World Bank and IMF

      2. the United Nations

2. 1946

   1. Thailand  (Crystal)

      1. assassination of King Ananda

         1. military dictatorship assumes power the following year

   2. Israel  (Mason)

      1. King David Hotel Bombings

   3. France  (Richard)

      1. creation of Fourth Republic (led by de Gaulle)

      2. beginning of the French Indochina War

   4. Germany  (Cole)

      1. introduction of new (Western) currency

      2. Churchill gives "Iron Curtain" speech

   5. Notes from Decolonization

      1. Filipino independence

   6. Evacuation and Repatriation Continues

      1. German POWs in the Soviet Union

      2. forcible repatriation of Soviet POWs

      3. Iran

   7. "Operation Crossroads"

      1. John Hersey's Hiroshima

   8. The United Nations  (51 members)

      1. international control of atomic energy?  (UNAEC)

      2. ICJ, ECOSOC, UNICEF, etc.

   9. the division of Europe

      1. Eastern European "elections"

      2. the Baltic States

      3. the CIA and the elections in Italy and France

   10. Declarations of (Cold) War? 

       1. Kennan's "long telegram"

       2. Churchill's "Iron Curtain"

       3. Stalin's "Two Worlds"

3. 1947

   1. India  (Anna)

      1. independence and partition

      2. war with Pakistan over Kashmir in following year

   2. Japan  (Burke)

      1. new democracy is born

      2. emperor retained in a ceremonial role

   3. Pakistan  (Carter)

      1. creation of East Pakistan and West Pakistan

      2. war with India over Kashmir in following year

   4. the "Marshall Mission," 1946-47

   5. containment

      1. the Truman Doctrine

         1. Greece and Turkey

      2. the Marshall Plan

         1. purpose: economic or national security? 

         2. all of Europe or just the West? 

4. 1948

   1. Colombia  (Kurt)

      1. Gaitan assassination

   2. Israel  (Mason)

      1. Israeli War of Independence

   3. Korea  (Luke)

      1. creation of Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic Republic of Korea (North Korea)

   4. South Africa  (Kelly)

      1. National Party intensifies racial segregation

   5. Germany  (Cole)

      1. "Berlin Airlift"  (First Berlin Crisis)

   6. United Nations

      1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

      2. convention on genocide

   7. The Brussels Treaty

      1. Britain, France, and the Low Countries

   8. Civil Rights in the US as a Foreign Policy Problem

      1. Truman's human decency

         1. post-war treatment of black war veterans

         2. Congressional failure to come to terms with wartime treatment of Nisei

      2. Truman's desegregation of the military

   9. Stalin's paranoia worsens

      1. "decadent bourgeois influences" in Shostakovich and elsewhere

      2. the "Gulag Archipelago"

         1. "bandit gangs" result in 100,000 shipped from the Baltic Republics west

      3. anti-Jewish pogroms

         1. Jews as "rootless cosmopolitans"

         2. Israeli emigration

      4. the abandonment of Western intellectuals

         1. e.g. Jean-Paul Sartre: first silence, then trust that proletariat will put an end to these "anomalies"

         2. e.g. Arthur Koestler (1950): "every single one of us knows of at least one friend who perished in the Arctic subcontinent of forced labor camps, was shot as a spy or vanished without a trace"

   10. Tito's Yugoslavia

       1. March (Stalin privately to Tito): "we think Trotsky's political career is sufficiently instructive"

       2. June (public Cominform meeting): "we possess information that Tito is an imperialist spy"

5. 1949

   1. China  (Alec)

      1. communist victory in the civil war

      2. "People's Republic of China" declared

   2. India  (Anna)

      1. Gandhi's murder (1948)

      2. adoption of Indian constitution

      3. ceasefire in Kashmir

   3. Indonesia  (Ariel)

      1. Netherlands recognizes independence

   4. Notes from Decolonization

      1. Bao Dai and semi-autonomy for French Indochina

   5. The Greek Civil War

   6. Soviet consolidation of control in Eastern Europe

      1. Константин Рокоссовский: (Konstantin Rokossovski):
         Minister of Defense of Poland

      2. communism's infusion into society

         1. socialism for kids

         2. ideological "re-education" for adults

      3. pressure on the Catholic Church

      4. show trials for "traitors"

   7. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. Soviet nuclear test  [longer version w/music] 

         1. years earlier than expected

         2. announced by the West

      2. revelations of wartime Soviet espionage

      3. US proceeds with work on "the Super"

   8. continued US encirclement of Soviet Union

      1. B-50 flies non-stop around the world

      2. secret US overflights -- accidental . . . and purposeful

   9. the world continues to shrink

      1. commercial airliner: London to Tripoli in 7 hours

      2. early computer technology

      3. shortwave propaganda radio wars

III. 1950-54

1. 1950

   1. South Africa  (Kelly)

      1. Group Areas Act of 1950

   2. Korea  (Luke)

      1. Korean War begins

   3. The Korean War as "World War III"? 

      1. precipitous retreat

      2. the UN at war: a worldwide coalition

         1. the shadow of Munich

      3. Truman: atomic bombs are just another weapon

      4. MacArthur: "unleash" Jiang (Chiang) and the possible use nuclear weapons (and even nuclear waste?!?) 

      5. the Chinese invasion of Tibet

      6. a Soviet invasion of Yugoslavia? 

   4. NATO

      1. Eisenhower as SACEUR

      2. US admiral as SACLANT

   5. Anti-Communist Hysteria in the US

      1. loyalty oaths and the addition of "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance

      2. Nixon and Alger Hiss

      3. McCarthy and "205 communists"

      4. the truth of Soviet espionage

   6. Growth of European Unity

      1. the Schumann Plan

      2. West Germany's admission to the Council of Europe

   7. The United Nations

      1. the admission of Spain

   8. Notes from Decolonization

      1. Burmese independence (1947) and subsequent nationalist turmoil

      2. the British Commonwealth

2. 1951

   1. Iran  (Warren)

      1. election of Mossadegh as prime minister

   2. Korean War Update

      1. MacArthur out, Ridgway in

      2. "positional warfare"

   3. Churchill Returns

      1. domestic politics

      2. "summit diplomacy"

   4. European Defense Community  (EDC)

      1. France, Italy, West Germany, and the Low Countries

   5. The United Nations

      1. High Commission for Refugees

         1. ca. 1950:   2,000,000? 

         2. ca. 2000: 10,000,000? 

   6. Notes from Decolonization

      1. the assassination of King Abdullah of Jordan, Prime Minister
         of Iran Ali Razmara, and Lebanese Prime Minister Riad Bey
         e-Solh

      2. anti-communist counterinsurgency in Malaya

3. 1952

   1. Egypt  (Tyler)

      1. revolution overthrows King Farouk

         1. Nasser comes to power two years later

   2. Japan  (Burke)

      1. independence

   3. Korean War Update

      1. "Manchurian Candidate"?: mistreatment 

      2. the debate over communist POWs

      3. Chinese accusations of biological warfare

   4. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. US thermonuclear ("hydrogen bomb") test

      2. British nuclear test  [ca. 1:00-1:30] 

   5. The Federal Republic of Germany

      1. Luxembourg Treaty with Israel

   6. Notes from Decolonization

      1. Mau Mau in Kenya

4. 1953

   1. China  (Alec)

      1. Korean War ends

   2. Iran  (Warren)

      1. Anglo-American coup replaces Mossadegh with the Shah

   3. Korea  (Luke)

      1. Korean War ends

   4. Superpower Leadership Transitions

      1. Eisenhower replaces Truman

      2. Stalin dies

   5. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. Soviet "Boosted Fission" Test

5. 1954

   1. Vietnam  (Irene)

      1. Dien Bien Phu

      2. Geneva Conference partitions Vietnam

   2. France  (Richard)

      1. Algerian War commences

      2. French government collapses and is replaced by the Fifth Republic

   3. Eisenhower's "New Look" at Defense Policy

      1. "Massive Retaliation"? 

   4. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. Mid-Canada Line

      2. U.S.S. Nautilus and U.S.S. Forrestal

   5. CIA Coup in Guatemala

      1. the "Hidden-Hand Presidency"

   6. The Second Red Scare

      1. the Army-McCarthy Hearings

   7. Occupation of Germany Ends

      1. FRG joins NATO

   8. Formosa Straits Crisis, 1954-55

      1. Quemoy and Matsu

IV. 1955-59

1. 1955

   1. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. Soviet "True Fusion" Test

   2. Bandung Conference of "Non-Aligned Nations"

      1. Indian leadership

      2. a "third" world? 

      3. attitude toward the United States

   3. Notes from Decolonization

      1. the British

         1. Greek attacks on the British in Cyprus

         2. new constitutions for Malaya and Singapore

      2. the French

         1. failure to compromise in Algeria

         2. Tunisian independence

   4. Precarious Neutrality

      1. Finland and Austria

   5. CENTO

2. 1956 (another) (and another)

   1. Egypt  (Tyler)

      1. Anglo-Franco-Israeli invasion

   2. Israel  (Mason)

      1. war with Arab states

      2. Suez Crisis

   3. Japan  (Burke)

      1. joins UN

      2. first Japanese car sold in the US

   4. Pakistan  (Carter)

      1. new constitution proclaims "Islamic Republic"

   5. Uprising in Hungary

      1. riots in Poland, too

   6. Khrushchev's Denunciation of Stalin

      1. "who said that?!?" 

   7. Notes on Technology

      1. first regular transatlantic telephone service

      2. first nuclear power plant

3. 1957

   1. Colombia  (Kurt)

      1. "Declaration of Sitges"

   2. Thailand  (Crystal)

      1. civilian government restored by Thanarat

   3. Zaire / DRC  (Kate)

      1. growth of nationalism (ca. mid-to-late 1950s)

   4. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. Sputnik (and "Flopnik")

      2. British thermonuclear test  [ca. 2:00-4:30] 

      3. U.S. warheads on British missiles? 

      4. Albert Schweitzer mobilization of public opinion against the "great and terrible danger to our descendants from radioactivity"

   5. The Eisenhower Doctrine and "Brinksmanship"

      1. US aid to the Hashemite Kingdom in Jordan

      2. US support for Turkey re Syria (and the USSR)

      3. Dhahran air base and the House of Saud

      4. nuclear weapons as "almost a normal part of [U.S. military] equipment"

      5. SEATO

   6. The European Economic Community  (EEC)

      1. The Treaty of Rome and "The Six" (France, West Germany, Italy, and the Low Countries)

         1. 1 January 1958

      2. EURATOM

   7. world health issues

      1. UNICEF

      2. the World Health Organization  (WHO?)

         1. malaria, leprosy, and the measles

         2. but the "Asian flu" kills 20,000,000

4. 1958

   1. China  (Alec)

      1. "Great Leap Forward" begins

   2. France  (Richard)

      1. de Gaulle given emergency powers amidst impending colonial collapse

      2. new constitution written

   3. Formosa Straits Crisis

   4. The "Second Berlin Crisis," 1958-1961

      1. Berlin hemorrhages (East) Germans

      2. Ike and Dulles: no more airlifts

   5. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. the ultimate "secure second strike": Polaris

      2. NASA

      3. Bertrand Russell and the Committee for Nuclear Disarmament
         -- [peace symbol] 

      4. Soviet "unilateral cessation of testing"

   6. Notes from Decolonization

      1. the "Aden Protectorate" becomes South Yemen

      2. civil war in Cyprus

      3. victory in Malaya

      4. the return of de Gaulle

   7. Turmoil in Post-Colonial Middle East

      1. the United Arab Republic

      2. revolution in Iraq

         1. the Jordanian grandson is next? 

      3. US intervention in Lebanon

5. 1959

   1. Cuba

      1. Castro Overthrows Batista

   2. Superpower Diplomacy

      1. the "kitchen debate"

   3. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. US ICBMs

      2. nukes in space?!? 

      3. fallout shelters for the "harried housewife"

V. 1960-64

1. 1960

   1. Zaire / DRC  (Kate)

      1. independence

      2. civil war

   2. Francis Gary Powers' U-2

      1. (later spy swap)

      2. chaos in Vienna

   3. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. French nuclear test

      2. SSBNs

2. 1961

   1. Germany  (Cole)

      1. Second Berlin Crisis results in Berlin Wall

         1. two years later: "Ich bin ein Berlinner"

   2. Korea  (Luke)

      1. military junta assumes power in South Korea

   3. South Africa  (Kelly)

      1. British Commonwealth expels South Africa
         due to policy of apartheid

   4. Kennedy vs. Khrushchev

      1. Nixon would have been soft on communism?!? 

      2. the Bay of Pigs

      3. "Flexible Response"

      4. Dag Hammarskjöld

   5. Cultural Cold War

      1. Rudolf Nureyev

      2. the Peace Corps

   6. Notes from the Arms -- and Space! -- Race

      1. tactical nuclear weapons

      2. Roswell Gilpatric denies any "missile gap"

      3. "Mutual Assured Destruction"  (MAD?)

         1. Soviet 50 MT test  [faked video?] 

      4. Tom Lehrer, "Who's Next"

      5. first man in space: Юрий Гагарин (Yuri Gagarin)

   7. Notes from Decolonization

      1. Portugal: Angola and India (Goa, etc.)

      2. Britain: Tanganyika and Tristan da Cunha

      3. New Zealand: Western Samoa and the Maori

   8. Aftershocks

      1. Adolf Eichmann and the Mossad

3. 1962

   1. Egypt  (Tyler)

      1. approval of National Charter

   2. France  (Richard)

      1. Algerian War ends

      2. most French African colonies already gained independence

   3. India  (Anna)

      1. Indo-Chinese War

   4. Southeast Asia

      1. Geneva Conference secures Laotian neutrality

      2. the creation of MAC-V

   5. The Cuban Missile Crisis

      1. relation with Berlin

4. 1963

   1. Vietnam  (Irene)

      1. communist insurgency intensifies in the South

      2. coup overthrows Ngo Dinh Diem

   2. Cooler Heads Begin to Prevail? 

      1. Limited Test Ban Treaty

      2. the "hot line"

   3. Sino-Soviet split

      1. Soviet "national egoism" and "appeasement"

      2. border clashes

   4. Turmoil in the Soviet Union

      1. apologies for "cultural immodesty"

      2. death for "economic crimes" . . . if you're Jewish

      3. the necessity of grain importations from the West

   5. Turmoil in Eastern Europe

      1. crackdowns in Poland and Czechoslovakia

      2. Kennedy visits West Berlin

         1. "We shall risk our cities to defend yours." 

         2. "Ich bin ein Berliner." 

   6. Kennedy's assassination

5. 1964

   1. Iran  (Warren)

      1. exile of Ayatollah Khomeini

   2. Zaire / DRC  (Kate)

      1. rebellion and strife

   3. Khrushchev's ouster (1964)

      1. Leonid Brezhnev

   4. Lyndon Johnson

      1. civil rights and the "Great Society" . . . but . . .

      2. Vietnam

         1. the Gulf of Tonkin

   5. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. Chinese nuclear test  [longer version] 

      2. Barry Goldwater's daisy problem

      3. European nuclear insecurity

         1. Polaris submarines for NATO

         2. Tom Lehrer, "MLF Lullaby"

   6. Third World Competition

      1. Soviet aid: Algeria, Egypt, India, Indonesia

VI. 1965-69

1. 1965

   1. India  (Anna)

      1. Indo-Pakistani War

   2. Indonesia  (Ariel)

      1. failed coup and anti-communist purges

   3. Thailand  (Crystal)

      1. Thai assistance to the US in South Vietnam

   4. Large-Scale US Intervention in Vietnam

      1. the "Wise Men"

      2. Ho Chi Minh balances Soviet and Chinese "help"

      3. Pleiku, Ia Drang Valley, and intermittent "Rolling Thunder"

   5. (Other?) Notes from Decolonization

      1. Singapore secedes from Malaysia

      2. Gambian independence from Britain

      3. a white "declaration of independence" in Southern Rhodesia

   6. Notes from the Arms and Space Races

      1. Alexei Leonov walks in space

      2. the Gemini Program

      3. satellite phone and TV transmissions

2. 1966

   1. Indonesia  (Ariel)

      1. Sukarno replaced by Suharto

   2. Southeast Asia

      1. negotiations?  bombing halts? 

      2. Buddhist revolt and an ARVN civil war? 

   3. "Cultural Revolution" in China

      1. the "four olds": customs, habits, culture, and thinking

      2. the "Red Guards"

   4. Notes from Decolonization

      1. Portugal

         1. Angola and Mozambique

         2. Guinea and Cabinda

         3. Fernando Po, Principe, and São Tomé

      2. referendum in French Somaliland

      3. Britain releases Botswana and Lesotho

   5. Post-Colonial Violence in Africa

      1. South Africa helps sustain Southern Rhodesia

      2. Chad combats Sudanese-assisted Muslim insurgency

   6. Notes from the Arms and Space Races

      1. Luna 9's "soft landing" on the moon

      2. growing nuclear parity

3. 1967

   1. Egypt  (Tyler)

      1. "Six Day War"

   2. Israel  (Mason)

      1. "Six Day War"

      2. U.S.S. Liberty

   3. France  (Richard)

      1. de Gaulle withdraws France from NATO

      2. massive student and labor protests rock France (1968)

   4. Unrest in Eastern Europe

      1. Romania's recognition of West Germany

   5. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. Chinese thermonuclear test

      2. an Israeli nuclear capability? 

      3. US arsenal stabilizes ca. 1,000 ICBMs and 600 SLBMs

      4. the ABM race

   6. Cultural Cold War

      1. the defection of Svetlana Aliluyeva Сталин

      2. the condemnation of Alexander Solzhenitsyn

   7. Southeast Asia

      1. Canadian and Australian solidarity with the United States

      2. US KIA in 1967: 9,000

      3. "Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?" 

   8. Charles de Gaulle: "Vive le Québec libre!"

4. 1968

   1. The Tet Offensive

   2. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. French thermonuclear test

   3. Southeast Asia

      1. US Army peaks at over 500,000

      2. the Tet Offensive

         1. Khesanh and Hue

   4. The US Comes Apart

      1. protests and assassinations

      2. Cold War overshadowed by Vietnam? 

   5. Spies Galore

      1. U.S.S. Pueblo

      2. Prime Minister McMillan told that at least 62 of the 80 staff in the Soviet embassy in London were KGB or GRU

   6. Uprising in Czechoslovakia

      1. Alexander Dubček's "socialism with a human face"

      2. half a million Warsaw Pact troops defeat the "perfidious plans of American imperialism and West German revanchism"

5. 1969

   1. Indonesia  (Ariel)

      1. West Papua becomes province of Irian Jaya

   2. The Sino-Soviet Split Turns Violent

      1. Damiansky Island in the Ussuri River

      2. Soviet newspapers compare Mao to Hitler

      3. Cultural Revolution winds down

   3. Continued Unrest behind the Iron Curtain

      1. Czechoslovakia

         1. student self-immolation in Prague

         2. Václav Havel

      2. the Soviet Union

         1. Isvestiya: "Marxism-Leninism does not recognize classless freedom of speech"

         2. samizdat

         3. Jews jailed for asking to leave or even studying Hebrew

   4. Northern Ireland

      1. 1961 census: ca. 800,000 Protestants and ca. 500,000 Catholics

      2. violence leads to dozens of deaths and hundreds of homeless

      3. the IRA and the Sinn Féin

      4. enter the British Army

   5. Nixon moves the US to the right

      1. "law and order" for the "silent majority"

      2. negotiations with the NLF

   6. Notes from the Arms and Space Races

      1. Apollo 11

      2. SALT talks begin

   7. The Environment

      1. DDT outlawed

      2. 39 nations meet in Rome

VII. 1970-74

1. 1970

   1. Japan  (Burke)

      1. becomes third largest economy in the world

   2. Southeast Asia

      1. another 150,000 US troops withdrawn

      2. peace talks drag on . . . and on . . . 

      3. the invasion of Cambodia

   3. The Arab-Israeli Conflict

      1. the "War of Attrition"

      2. Yasser Arafat's PLO

         1. hijackings and murders

         2. civil war (?) in Jordan

   4. Post-Colonial Africa

      1. 20,000 South Asians flee Kenya and Uganda

      2. Nigerian civil war continues over breakaway province of Biafra

2. 1971

   1. China  (Alec)

      1. PRC replaces Taiwan in the UN

   2. Pakistan  (Carter)

      1. civil war leads to creation of Bangladesh

   3. Zaire / DRC  (Kate)

      1. Mobuto renames the country "Zaire"

   4. Southeast Asia

      1. the end of "offensive role" for US ground troops

         1. 182,000 remain by end of the year

      2. US air bombardment intensifies

      3. the "Pentagon Papers"

      4. April 1971: 200,000 protest in Washington

   5. Sino-American Rapprochement

      1. "only Nixon could go to China"

      2. connection to Vietnam

   6. Northern Ireland

      1. violence intensifies (tarrings and featherings!) 

      2. 173 killed (including 43 British soldiers)

   7. Technology

      1. Intel patents the microchip

      2. worldwide anti-smoking campaign by WHO (not "whom"!) 

3. 1972

   1. Germany  (Cole)

      1. "Ostpolitik" (ca. late 1960s and early 1970s)

   2. Japan  (Burke)

      1. normalization of Sino-Japanese relations

   3. Korea  (Luke)

      1. martial law in South Korea

      2. new constitution in North Korea

   4. Pakistan  (Carter)

      1. peace agreement with India regarding Kashmir

   5. Southeast Asia

      1. conventional NVA invasion

      2. conclusion of a peace deal . . . right before the election . . . 

         1. the "Christmas Bombings"

   6. Nixon Visits China

   7. Northern Ireland

      1. "Bloody Sunday": 13 Catholic marchers killed

      2. cumulative death toll since 1969: 679

         1. 467 in 1972 alone

   8. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. SALT agreement on ICBMs and ABMs

      2. Soviet-American agreement on abolition of biological weapons

   9. Notes from Environmentalism

      1. UN "Declaration on the Human Environment"

      2. "Clean Water Act" in the US

      3. Landsat I

4. 1973

   1. Egypt  (Tyler)

      1. "Ramadan War"

   2. Israel  (Mason)

      1. "Yom Kippur War"

   3. Thailand  (Crystal)

      1. student riots lead to restoration of civilian government

      2. refugee problem from neighboring communist nations

   4. Vietnam  (Irene)

      1. last regular US combat troops leave

   5. Europe

      1. Britain (finally!) joins the EEC

   6. Latin America

      1. Pinochet replaces Allende

5. 1974

   1. Colombia  (Kurt)

      1. post-National Front period

   2. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. Indian nuclear test ("Smiling Buddha")

   3. The Middle East

      1. OPEC embargo

      2. Cyprus invaded

   4. Watergate: America Distracted

VIII. 1975-79

1. 1975

   1. Indonesia  (Ariel)

      1. Indonesia invades East Timor

   2. Vietnam  (Irene)

      1. fall of Saigon

      2. Vietnam reunified under communist rule

   3. "Vietnam Syndrome" in the US

   4. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. limited US ABM capability

   5. Europe

      1. the death of Franco . . . and fascism? 

2. 1976

   1. China  (Alec)

      1. death of Mao Zedong

   2. Africa

      1. Cuban troops in Angola?!? 

3. 1977

   1. India  (Anna)

      1. rise to power of Janata Party

   2. Pakistan  (Carter)

      1. military coup

   3. Zaire / DRC  (Kate)

      1. French and Belgian military aid helps repulse the "Congolese National Liberation Front"

   4. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. a South African nuclear capability? 

      2. SALT II

4. 1978

   1. Egypt  (Tyler)

      1. Camp David Accords

         1. Sadat assassinated two years later

   2. Israel  (Mason)

      1. Camp David Accords

   3. South Africa  (Kelly)

      1. nuclear program begins (ca. late 1970s)

5. 1979

   1. Iran  (Warren)

      1. revolution leads to "Islamic Republic"

      2. beginning of hostage crisis with the US

      3. war with Iraq begins the following year

   2. Thailand  (Crystal)

      1. amnesty for communist guerrillas with ruthless pursuit of those who continue to fight

   3. Vietnam  (Irene)

      1. Vietnam invades Cambodia

      2. military conflict with China

   4. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

IX. 1980-84

1. 1980

   1. Colombia  (Kurt)

      1. growth of narcotics industry (ca. 1970s-1980s)

   2. Pakistan  (Carter)

      1. military cooperation with US following Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

   3. AIDS

2. 1981

   1. France  (Richard)

      1. election of Socialist President Francois Mitterrand

   2. Iran  (Warren)

      1. end of hostage crisis with the US

   3. Korea  (Luke)

      1. new South Korean constitution limits president's power

   4. President Ronald Wilson Reagan

   5. Invasion of Poland? 

3. 1982

   1. Little Wars

      1. The Falklands Conflict

      2. US Intervention in the Lebanese Civil War

      3. US Invasion of Grenada

   2. A "Second Cold War"? 

      1. Reagan's "evil empire" speech

   3.  

      1.  

   4.  

      1.  

   5.  

      1.  

   6.  

      1.  

   7.  

      1.  

4. 1983

   1. Thailand  (Crystal)

      1. General Tinsulanonda wins election as civilian prime minister

   2. The Cold War Gets Even Worse

      1. "Star Wars" / SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative)

      2. KAL 007

      3. war scares

   3.  

      1.  

   4.  

      1.  

   5.  

      1.  

   6.  

      1.  

   7.  

      1.  

5. 1984

   1.  

      1.  

   2.  

      1.  

   3.  

      1.  

   4.  

      1.  

   5.  

      1.  

X. 1985-90

1. 1985

   1. Colombia  (Kurt)

      1. volcano eruption kills 20,000

      2. terrorist attack kills 11 Supreme Court
         justices and over 100 others

   2.  

      1.  

   3.  

      1.  

   4.  

      1.  

   5.  

      1.  

   6.  

      1.  

2. 1986

   1. India  (Anna)

      1. political turmoil

   2. South Africa  (Kelly)

      1. declining economy due to sanctions and strikes

      2. Group Areas Act of 1986

   3.  

      1.  

   4.  

      1.  

   5.  

      1.  

   6.  

      1.  

   7.  

      1.  

3. 1987

   1. Germany  (Cole)

      1. Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech

   2.  

      1.  

   3.  

      1.  

   4.  

      1.  

   5.  

      1.  

   6.  

      1.  

4. 1988

   1. Iran  (Warren)

      1. culmination of the "Tanker War" with the United States ("Operation Praying Mantis")

         1. U.S.S. Vincennes shoot-down of Iranian airliner

      2. end of war with Iraq

   2.  

      1.  

   3.  

      1.  

   4.  

      1.  

   5.  

      1.  

   6.  

      1.  

5. 1989

   1. China  (Alec)

      1. repression of student protests in
         Tiananmen Square

   2. Colombia  (Kurt)

      1. homicide becomes leading cause of death

   3. Germany  (Cole)

      1. fall of the Berlin Wall

         1. Germany formally unites the following year

   4. Japan  (Burke)

      1. death of Emperor Hirohito

      2. beginning of economic recession

   5.  

      1.  

   6.  

      1.  

   7.  

      1.  

   8.  

      1.  

   9.  

      1.  

6. 1990

   1. South Africa  (Kelly)
      1. ANC legalized
      2. dismantling of apartheid begins
   2. Zaire / DRC  (Kate)

      1. Mobuto declares "Third Republic"

      2. French and Belgian troops evacuate 20,000 foreign nationals from Kinshasa

   3. Notes from the Arms Race

      1. South Africa abandons its nuclear program

   4.  

      1.  

   5.  

      1.  

   6.  

      1.  

   7.  

      1.  

   8.  

      1.  

XI. 1990-Present

1. The First Iraq War, 1990-91

   1. the invasion of Kuwait

   2. "Desert Shield"

      1. diplomacy

   3. "Desert Storm"

      1. the air campaign

      2. the ground campaign

   4. "on to Baghdad"? 

2. The Yugoslav Civil Wars, 1990-1998

   1. the disintegration of Yugoslavia

      1. "greater Serbia"? 

   2. Bosnia

      1. ethnic cleansing

      2. the siege of Sarajevo

      3. the Dayton Accords

   3. Kosovo

      1. ethnic cleansing

      2. NATO's air campaign

      3. Kosovar independence  (2008)

3. "CNN Wars" of the 1990s

   1. Rwanda

   2. Somalia, 1992-93

4. Russia, 1990-Present

   1. Boris Yeltsin

   2. Vladimir Putin

5. The Rise of Al-Qaeda, 1990s-2001

   1. bin Laden

      1. from Sudan to Afghanistan

   2. East African bombings  (1998)

   3. U.S.S. Cole  (2000)

   4. September 11th, 2001

      1. New York

      2. Washington, D.C.

6. The "Global War on Terror," 2001-Present

   1. Afghanistan

      1. the rise of the Taliban,

      2. the fall of the Taliban

   2. Pakistan

      1. "the tribal regions"

   3. elsewhere

      1. Yemen

      2. East Africa

7. The Second Iraq War, 2003-Present

   1. origins

      1. WMDs?  connection to 9/11?  democracy? 

   2. invasion  (March 2003)

   3. opportunities lost, 2003-05

   4. sectarian civil war, 2005-06

   5. improvement?, 2006-present 

      1. "the surge"

      2. the Mahdi Army

      3. the "Sunni Reawakening"