1. Conceptual Overview
   1. Definitions
   2. International Law and Organizations
   3. "Weapons of Mass Destruction"  (WMDs)
   4. World Environmental and Health Issues
2. 1970s-1990
   1. The United States (and the Soviet Union)
   2. Europe
   3. The Middle East
   4. Sub-Saharan Africa
3. 1970s-Present
   1. Central and East Asia
   2. The Americas
4. 1990-Present
   1. The United States
   2. Europe
   3. The Middle East
   4. Sub-Saharan Africa

[Syllabus] 
 

I-A.  Conceptual Overview: Definitions

1. History vs. Political Science
   1. "area studies"?  anthropology?  sociology? 
   2. relationship to actual practice and practitioners? 
2. Realism vs. Idealism
   1. Kennan, Eisenhower (?), Brzezinski, and Scowcroft
   2. Wilson, Eisenhower (?), Albright, and Wolfowitz
3. self-identification
   1. ethnic
   2. religious
   3. nationalist
   4. ideological
4. Political Ideology 101
   1. socialism / communism / Marxism
   2. capitalism
   3. democracy
5. Comparative Religion 101
   1. "Children of Abraham"
      1. Judaism
      2. Christianity
      3. Islam
   2. religions of Asia
      1. Hinduism
      2. Buddhism

I-B.  Conceptual Overview: Int'l Law and Organizations

1. International Law
   1. "hard law" vs. "soft law"
   2. legitimacy and world opinion
   3. oceans, Antarctica, and space
2. The United Nations
   1. the General Assembly
      1. DISEC, SPECPOL, SOCHUM, etc.
   2. the Security Council
      1. first five, then fifteen, then ???
   3. the Secretary-General and His Secretariat
   4. other stuff
      1. ICJ, IAEA, UNICEF, "High Commissioners," etc.
3. International Finance and Business
   1. International Monetary Fund  (IMF) and the World Bank
   2. corruption
4. Non-Governmental Organizations  (NGOs)
   1. advocacy
   2. humanitarian relief

I-C.  Conceptual Overview: "WMDs"

1. Nuclear Weapons  (Fission and Fusion)
   1. fission weapons
      1. uranium-235  ("enriched uranium")
      2. plutonium
   2. fusion weapons  ("hydrogen bombs")
   3. means of delivery
   4. any defense? 
2. Radiological Weapons  ("Dirty Bombs")
   1. means of delivery
   2. any defense? 
3. Chemical Weapons
   1. means of delivery
   2. any defense? 
4. Biological Weapons
   1. means of delivery
   2. any defense? 

I-D.  Conceptual Overview: World Environment & Health

1. Climate Change
   1. sources of energy
   2. the ozone layer: a hopeful precedent? 
   3. the Kyoto Protocol  (1997)
2. World Health Issues
   1. pandemics
      1. HIV / AIDS
      2. "[animal] flu"? 
      3. terrorism
   2. chronic health issues
      1. food and water
      2. curable diseases  (e.g. malaria, tuberculosis)
   3. the "Population Bomb"
      1.       1:    200,000,000 people
      2. 1000:    275,000,000 people
      3. 1500:    450,000,000 people
      4. 1800: 1,000,000,000 people
      5. 1900: 1,600,000,000 people
      6. 1945: 2,500,000,000 people  (  51 UN members)
      7. 1950: 2,600,000,000 people  (  60 UN members)
      8. 1960: 3,000,000,000 people  (  99 UN members)
      9. 1970: 3,700,000,000 people  (127 UN members)
      10. 1980: 4,500,000,000 people  (154 UN members)
      11. 1990: 5,300,000,000 people  (159 UN members)
      12. 2000: 6,100,000,000 people  (189 UN members)
      13. 2010: 6,800,000,000 people  (192 UN members)
3. The World: Some Comparisons
   1. cartograms
4. Are These Even "Security Issues"? 
   1. why does this matter? 

II-A.  United States (and Soviet Union), 1970s-1990

1. Background, 1890s-1970s
   1. 1890s-1917
      1. the United States: spasmodic imperialism
      2. Russia: corrupt tsars
   2. 1917-1919
      1. the United States: exploding onto the world stage
      2. the Soviet Union: withdrawal into isolation
   3. 1919-1941
      1. the United States: withdrawal into isolation (?)
      2. the Soviet Union: continued isolation
   4. 1941-1945
      1. the United States: conquest and wealth
      2. the Soviet Union: conquest and devastation
   5. 1945-1953
      1. the United States: containment and military expansion
         1. the National Security Council (NSC)
         2. DOD: JCS and the USAF
         3. IC: CIA, NSA, DIA, NRO, etc.
         4. the State Department? 
      2. the Soviet Union: testing the boundaries and military "catch-up"
   6. 1953-1962
      1. the United States: from "Massive Retaliation" (Eisenhower)
                                        to "Flexible Response" (Kennedy)
      2. the Soviet Union: Khrushchev and de-Stalinization
   7. 1962-1970s
      1. the United States: distraction (Southeast Asia) and détente
      2. the Soviet Union: economic woes and proxy wars
2. 1970s
   1. American "malaise"
      1. Watergate
      2. the "Vietnam Syndrome"
         1. pathetic dénouement
         2. U.S.S. Mayaguez  (May 1975)
      3. military decay
         1. ABM capability? 
      4. the Church Committee Hearings  (1973)
      5. the Iranian Hostage Crisis  (1979-81)
         1. "Desert One"
   2. Decay and Dissent in the Soviet Union
      1. dissidents and defections
   3. Détente
      1. SALT (1969-72) and SALT II (1972-80)
      2. China switches sides  (1979)
3. 1979-1985
   1. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
      1. Carter's "about face"
   2. Reagan confronts the "evil empire"
      1. "rearmament"
         1. conventional arms expansion
         2. MX and cruise missiles
         3. rejecting "MAD": SDI ("Star Wars")
      2. 1983
         1. US military provocations
         2. KAL 007
         3. Soviet fears
      3. Reagan confronts the "Vietnam Syndrome"
         1. Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Grenada
   3. a succession of Soviet leaders
      1. Brezhnev (1964-82), Andropov (1982-84),
         Chernenko (1984-85), and Gorbachev (1985-91)
4. 1985-1989
   1. Gorbymania
      1. Thatcher, Gorbachev, and Reagan
      2. Glasnost and Perestroika
      3. but Chernobyl (1986) . . . 
   2. arms control
      1. excitement at Reykjavik  (1986)
      2. Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty
      3. START  (1985-91)
   3. "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall"  (1987)
5. 1989-1991
   1. the fall of the Berlin Wall  (1989)
      1. revolution sweeps Eastern Europe
   2. the disintegration of the Soviet Union, 1990-91
      1. Yeltsin and the failed coup (August 1990)

II-B.  Europe, 1970s-1990

1. Background, 1850s-1970s
   1. Foreshadowing, 1850s-1900
      1. Crimean War, 1854-1855
      2. wars of unification in Italy and Germany, 1859-1871
      3. "new imperialism" and the "race for Africa"
   2. All Hell Breaks Loose, 1900-1919
      1. arms races and alliances
      2. industrialization + nationalism = mass murder
      3. wars in the west, east, and south
      4. empires collapse (Russia and Austria-Hungary)
      5. America withdraws
   3. Round #2, 1919-1945
      1. the rise of fascism
      2. the weakness of democracy
      3. Germany wins, 1937-1941
      4. Germany loses, 1941-1945
   4. Europe as an Object, 1945-1970s
      1. America builds while the Soviet Union dismantles
      2. colonial collapse
      3. the Iron Curtain splits East and West
         1. Central Europe? 
      4. containment: the Marshall Plan and NATO (1949)
         1. the First Berlin Crisis, 1948-1949
         2. the Warsaw Pact (1955)
         3. the Second Berlin Crisis, 1958-1962
      5. unrest in the East
         1. Yugoslavia (1949), Germany (1953), Hungary (1956), and Czechoslovakia (1967)
      6. unrest in the West
         1. tactical nuclear weapons
         2. Ostpolitik (ca. 1970)
      7. the European Economic Community
         1. 1948: Brussels Treaty (Britain, France, and the
            Low Countries)
         2. 1949: the Schumann Plan
         3. 1951: the European Defense Community (France,
            Italy, West Germany, and the Low Countries)
         4. 1958: Treaty of Rome (the EEC)
2. 1970s-1985
   1. expansion of the European Economic Community (EEC)
      1. Britain finally joins (1973)
      2. common passport (1975)
      3. Greece (1981) and Spain and Portugal (1986)
   2. trouble brews in the East
      1. Vaclav Havel in Czechoslovakia
      2. the rise of Solidarity in Poland
         1. Soviet invasion in 1981? 
   3. Europe turns to the right? 
      1. Carolus Joseph Wojtyla becomes Pope John Paul II (1978)
      2. Margaret Thatcher ("r." 1979-1990)
      3. Helmut Kohl ("r." 1982-1998)
      4. Turgut Őzal ("r." 1983-1993) turns Turkey more to the West
3. 1985-1990
   1. "Gorbymania," Glasnost, and Perestroika
      1. Gorbachev: "no more military interventions"
   2. 1989: Annus Mirabilis

      1. Hungary --> Czechoslovakia --> West

      2. proclamation of the "Hungarian Republic"

      3. the fall of the Berlin Wall

      4. Romania: Ceausescu's last stand

   3. German reunification  (1990)

      1. Kohl + Bush > Thatcher + Mitterrand

II-C.  The Middle East, 1970s-1990

1. General Context: European Colonialism
   1. Treaty of Sèvres
   2. Turkey, Iran, French possessions (Syria, Algeria), British possessions (Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Egypt), and Italian possessions (Libya)
2. The Arab-Israeli Conflict
   1. Background, Abraham-1970s
      1. Zionism
         1. the Balfour Declaration (1917)
         2. the Holocaust
      2. Israel's wars for survival
         1. the War of Independence (1948)
         2. the Suez War (1956)
         3. the "Six-Day War" (1967)
         4. the Yom Kippur / Ramadan War (1973)
   2. Israeli nuclear weapons
   3. the Gaza Strip and the West Bank
      1. life in the occupied territories
   4. the Camp David Accords (1979)
   5. the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
      1. Yasser Arafat
      2. expulsion from Jordan
         1. "Black September" (1970)
      3. terrorism or "freedom fighting"? 
         1. Munich (1972)
         2. hijackings
            1. Entebbe (1976)
      4. Beirut (until 1982) and then Tunis
         1. "Operation Wooden Leg" (1985)
      5. Sheik Ahmed Yassin and the founding of Hamas, 1987-1988
         1. the First Intifada, 1987-1993
   6. the Lebanese Civil War
      1. from multicultural showcase to political basket case
      2. Israeli invasion (1982)
         1. air war over Lebanon (foreshadowing World War III?)
      3. the rise of Hezbollah
3. Arab Nationalism and Political Islam
   1. The Rise (and Fall?) of Arab Nationalism, 1920s-1970s
      1. Gamal Abdel Nasser ("r." 1952/1954-1970)
         1. United Arab Emirates (1958)
      2. Muammar al-Gaddafi, Saddam Hussein, etc. (see below)
   2. Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966) and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood
   3. anti-western protests in Saudi Arabia (1979)
   4. the Iranian Revolution (1979)
      1. the hostage crisis
   5. growth in 1980s
      1. e.g. AUC's yearbook
4. The Persian Gulf
   1. Background, 1920s-1970s
      1. oil
      2. Saudi Arabia
      3. Iran
         1. the Shah and the 1954 coup
   2. the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988
      1. Saddam Hussein ("r." 1968/1979-2003)
      2. Arab and American support for Saddam Hussein
      3. "re-flagging" and the US-Iran conflict
   3. "Desert Shield" and "Desert Storm," 1990-1991
      1. "on to Baghdad"? 
      2. Kurdish and Shiite insurgencies
5. North Africa
   1. Background, 1920s-1970s
      1. African or Middle Eastern? 
      2. the Algerian War, 1945-1961
   2. Libya
      1. Muammar al-Gaddafi
         1. Arab nationalism
            1. Libya + Egypt + Syria =  "Federation of Arab Republics" (1972)?  merger with Tunisia (1974)? 
         2. "Islamic socialism"
            1. Gaddafi's "Green Book"
         3. crazy
      2. "the mad dog of the Mediterranean" (1981)
         1. the "line of death" (1981)
         2. British constable Yvonne Fletcher (1984)
         3. more fun in the Gulf of Sidra (March 1986)
         4. the Berlin disco bombing (April 1986)
         5. Operation "El Dorado Canyon" (April 1986)
         6. Pan Am Flight 103 (December 1988)
         7. Gulf of Sidra redux (January 1989)
6. Turkey
   1. General Background
      1. European or Middle Eastern? 
      2. Atatürk and secularism
         1. military coups
      3. the "Armenian Question"
   2. Kurds ("Mountain Turks"?)
      1. Abdullah Öcalan's PKK ("Kurdistan Workers' Party) (1978)
   3. Cyprus
      1. Greek coup and Turkish invasion (1974)

II-D.  Sub-Saharan Africa, 1970s-1990

1. Background, 1880s-1970s
   1. Conceptual
      1. why "sub-Saharan"? 
      2. industry and oil
      3. HIV and malaria = mortality
      4. geography and population
      5. ethnicity + religion + nationalism = civil war
   2. The "Scramble for Africa"
   3. Snapshots
      1. UN growth
         1. 1945 (51), 1950 (60), 1960 (99), 1970 (127), 1980 (154)
      2. 1978: 17 African nations suffer from "severe drought and increasing desertification" (forest loss)
2. Southern Africa
   1. South Africa
      1. post-war creation of system of apartheid
         1. the National Party and the Group Areas Act (1950)
         2. expulsion from British Commonwealth (1961)
      2. ". . . when Alabama gets the bomb -- who's next?"  (late 1970s)
      3. declining economy due to sanctions and strikes
      4. transition from white minority rule begins (1990)
         1. release of Mandela and legalization of the ANC
         2. abandonment of nuclear program
   2. Rhodesia --> Zimbabwe
      1. white declaration of independence (1965)
         1. common cause with South Africa
      2. 1970s: civil war
         1. 27,000 dead by 1979
      3. Robert Mugabe ends white minority rule (1980)
      4. corruption leads to formation of ZANU-PF party (1990)
   3. Angola
      1. independence (1966)
      2. MPLA defeats UNITA (mid-1970s)
         1. Cuba defeats South Africa?  KGB?  CIA? 
   4. Namibia
      1. South African intervention (1970s)
3. Western Africa
   1. French North Africa
      1. Tunisian independence (1955)
      2. Algerian War, 1945-1961
   2. Nigeria
      1. growth of nationalism and independence (1960)
         1. federal military republic (1966)
      2. ethno-religious conflict and internal migration
         1. breakaway province: Biafra
      3. return of civilian rule (1980)
   3. Liberia
      1. colonial history
      2. Charles Taylor and civil war, 1989-2003
4. Central Africa
   1. Democratic Republic of Congo
      1. growth of nationalism and independence (1960)
      2. decolonization + Cold War = civil war
      3. Mobutu and "Zaire" (1971)
      4. French and Belgian help repulse "Congolese National Liberation Front" (1977)
         1. they return in 1990 to evacuate 20,000 foreign nationals
      5. Warren Zevon, "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner"
         1. Greatest.  Song.  Ever. 
      6. Mobutu's corruption and "cult of personality" (1980s)
   2. Uganda
      1. 300,000 dead in civil war by late 1970s
5. Eastern Africa
   1. Kenya
      1. Mau Mau in Kenya (1950s)
      2. expulsion of South Asians
      3. Jomo Kenyatta's death leads to democratic reforms (1978)
   2. Somalia
      1. Ethiopia regains control of Ogaden region (1978)
         1. now that Soviet Union backs Ethiopia, Somalia turns to the United States
      2. drought + war = famine (1980s)
   3. Sudan
      1. north vs. south
   4. Chad
      1. Sudan assists Muslim insurgency (mid-1960s)
      2. Libya backs rebel insurgency (1978)
         1. 400,000 displaced (one-quarter of population)
      3. 5,000 Muslims die in a single incident (1980)
          

II-E.  Central and East Asia, 1970s-Present

1. Background and Context
   1. Conceptual
      1. Iran?  Russia? 
   2. Geography
      1. population
      2. Indian subcontinent
      3. vast interiors
      4. islands
   3. Colonial Context
      1. old: British and French
      2. new: Americans and Germans
      3. neighbors: Russia and Japan
      4. the Bandung Conference (1955) and a "third way"? 
         1. e.g. Malcolm X in 1963
2. Central Asia
   1. Religion and Ethnicity
      1. Persians
      2. the "Stans" (Turks and others)
      3. Russians
   2. Iran
      1. election of moderate Khatami (1997)
      2. election of hard-liner Ahmadinejad (2005)
   3. Chechnya, 1990s-present
      1. Russian invasion, 1994-1995
         1. "invasion" or "law enforcement"? 
      2. terrorism
         1. Moscow theater crisis (2002)
   4. Afghanistan, 1970s-1989
      1. Soviet invasion
      2. mujahideen
      3. the United States
         1. Stinger missiles? 
      4. Pakistan
      5. Soviet decision to withdraw (1989)
   5. Independence for the Former Soviet Republics
      1. Kazakhstan
3. Indian Subcontinent
   1. Indo-Pakistani-Chinese Conflict, 1947-1971
      1. partition (1947)
         1. India and Pakistan
         2. war: "population transfers" and Kashmir (1947-49)
      2. Indo-Chinese conflict (1962)
         1. context: Sino-Soviet split (mid-to-late 1960s)
      3. Indo-Pakistani War (1965)
      4. Indo-Pakistani War (1971)
         1. Bangladeshi independence
   2. Pakistan
      1. cyclone kills 500,000 in East Pakistan (1970)
      2. Ali Bhutto returns civilian rule
         1. ousted by General Zia in 1977
      3. democratic rule restored  (1985)
      4. Benazir Bhutto comes to power (1988)
      5. A. Q. Khan and "the Islamic atomic bomb"
   3. India
      1. democracy
      2. socialism? 
      3. separatism
         1. Tamil and Sikh
      4. Bhopal disaster  (1984)
4. China
   1. Mao's death
   2. the Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)
      1. legacy? 
       
   3. economic expansion
      1. the coast vs. the interior
   4. regime security and "hot buttons"
      1. Taiwan and the "one-China policy"
      2. Japan
      3. the United States
      4. Tibet and other ethno-religious minorities
5. Northeast Asia
   1. Japan
      1. the shadow of the Second World War
         1. "textbook riots"
      2. economic growth (ca. 1980s)
         1. the "Japanese threat"
      3. economic stagnation (ca. 1990s-present)
   2. Korea
      1. advent of democracy in the South
      2. continuation of lunacy in the North
   3. offshore success stories
      1. Taiwan
         1. from Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) to democracy
      2. the Philippines
         1. from Marcos to democracy
      3. Singapore
6. Southeast Asia
   1. Colonial Context
   2. Vietnam, 1975-present
   3. Thailand
   4. "the others"
7. The Pacific
   1. Australia and New Zealand
   2. Indonesia
   3. East Timor
   4. Climate Change

II-F.  The Americas, 1970s-Present

1. Colonial Context, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and
   Love the Monroe Doctrine
   1. Haiti
   2. Guatemala (1953)
   3. Cuba (ca. early 1960s)
   4. NAFTA (1992)? 
2. Central America and the Cold War
   1. US invasion of Grenada (1983)
   2. Nicaragua and the Contras
      1. the Iran-Contra Affair (1985-1986)
   3. El Salvador and the "death squads"
3. Caudillos, the Cold War, and the Post-Cold War Era
   1. Costa Rica
   2. Argentina
      1. "the missing"
      2. the Falklands Conflict (1982)
   3. Panama
      1. Noriega and "Operation Just Cause" (December 1989)
   4. the 1990s: democracy triumphs?!? 
      1. post-Cold War Cuba? 
         1. Elian Gonzalez crisis highlights US "wet foot / dry foot" policy (1999)
4. Northern South America and the Politics of Anti-Americanism
   1. Columbia and the narcotraficantes
      1. Pablo Escobar
      2. the drug smuggler as "hero of the people"? 
      3. the United States as the villain? 
   2. Venezuela and Hugo Chávez
      1. "may I please be your dictator?" 
      2. The Hugo Chávez Show

III-A.  The United States, 1990-Present

1. The Future of Conflict
   1. North vs. South? 
   2. A "Clash of Civilizations"? 
2. Demobilization?!? 

III-B.  Europe, 1990-Present

1. Soviet Union: R.I.P. (1917-1991)
   1. the Baltic Republics
   2. Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, etc.
2. Consolidation and Expansion
   1. "the Chunnel"  (1994)
   2. EEC becomes the EU
      1. the Maastricht Treaty (1993)
      2. Austria, Finland, and Sweden join (1995)
      3. growth of political power ca. late 1990s
      4. the flow of subsidies south and east
   3. NATO expansion
      1. 1999: Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic
3. The Yugoslav Civil War, 1991-1998
   1. initial separation  (1991)
      1. Serbs march on Croats and Slovenes
      2. civil war begins in Bosnia-Herzegovina
   2. Bosnia, 1992-1994
      1. "Bosnian Serbs" and "Serb Serbs"
      2. atrocities
      3. NATO's "No-Fly Zone"
      4. 22,000 peacekeepers fail to keep the peace
      5. jihadists to Bosnia
      6. NATO's bombing campaign (1994)
      7. continued ethnic cleansing
         1. Srebrenica (July 1994)
      8. Dayton Accords (September 1994)
   3. the Kosovar War (1998)
      1. more ethnic cleansing
      2. another NATO bombing campaign
      3. de facto independence for Kosovo
4. The EU and the Future of European Nationalism
   1. NATO Expansion
      1. an EU army? 
   2. France's rejection of the new constitution (2005)
   3. European post-nationalism? 
   4. the EU as the future? 
      1. "Good Friday Accord" brings peace to Northern Ireland (1998)
      2. e.g. it's the "African Union," not the "United States of Africa"! 
5. Russia
   1. Yeltsin (fun)
      1. privatization
   2. Putin
      1. "we're back!" 
      2. future of democracy? 

III-C.  The Middle East, 1990-Present

1. The Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1990s-Present

   1. Lebanon

      1. Israel withdraws (2000)

      2. Israel invades (2006)

   2. Gaza and the West Bank
      1. beginning of the Second Intifada (2000)

      2. Israel unilaterally withdraws from the Gaza Strip (2005)

      3. Hamas coup in the Gaza Strip (2007)
         1. "a three-state solution"? 
2. The United States and the Rise of Al-Qaeda
   1. first rumblings
      1. Osama bin-Laden
      2. Khobar Towers (1996)
      3. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania (1998)
      4. U.S.S. Cole (2000)
   2. September 11th, 2001
      1. anthrax attacks?  (October-November 2001)
      2. the Taliban and the invasion of Afghanistan
3. The United States and Iraq, 1992-Present
   1. Containment, 1992-2002
      1. "no-fly zones"
      2. "the London Iraqis"
      3. "Operation Desert Fox" (1998)
      4. the neo-conservatives: "why not?" 
   2. invasion (2003)
      1. "welcomed as liberators"? 
      2. "weapons of mass destruction"? 
      3. the disbanding of the Iraqi Army and "deep de-Baathification"
   3. the rise of the insurgency
      1. "dead-enders" in the "Sunni Triangle"
      2. Shiites in the South
      3. sectarian civil war, 2006-2007
   4. progress?!? 
      1. the "surge"
      2. the "Sunni reawakening"
      3. the rise of General Petraeus
   5. enter Obama
      1. "we're leaving"
4. The "Global War on Terror (GWOT)," 2002-Present
   1. Iraq? 
   2. the Bali bombing  (October 2002)
   3. the Madrid train bombings  (March 11, 2004)
   4. the London bombings (July 2005)
   5. the Amman bombings  (9 November 2005)

III-D.  Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-Present

1. Rwanda (1994)
   1. half a million Tutsis die
   2. French and British intervention
   3. 1.2 million Hutus flee
2. Somalia
   1. descent into chaos
   2. "Black Hawk Down" (1993)
   3. formation of new government, but war lords retain control of most the country  (2000)
   4. the Union of Islamic Courts and intervention by Ethiopia (2006)